The Greatest Ninja Battle in 1581

It was a lawless era in Japan, with petty feudal lords fighting a never-ending series of small wars over land and power. In the chaotic Sengoku period (1467-1598), the peasants often ended up as cannon-fodder or incidental victims of the samurai wars; some commoners, however, organized themselves to defend their own homes, and to take advantage of the constant warfare. We call them the yamabushi or ninja. The key ninja strongholds were the mountainous provinces of Iga and Koga, located in what are now Mie and Shiga Prefectures, respectively, in southern Honshu. Residents of these two provinces gathered information and practiced their own techniques of espionage, medicine, warfare, and assassination. Politically and socially, the ninja provinces were independent, self-governing, and democratic - they were ruled by town council, rather than by a central authority or daimyo. To the autocratic nobles of other regions, this form of government was anathema. Warlord Oda Nobunaga (1534 - 82) remarked, They make no distinction between high and low, rich and poor... Such behavior is a mystery to me, for they go so far as to make light of rank, and have no respect for high ranking officials. He would soon bring these ninja lands to heel. Nobunaga embarked on a campaign to reunify central Japan under his authority. Although he did not live to see it, his efforts began the process that would end the Sengoku, and usher in 250 years of peace under the Tokugawa Shogunate. Nobunaga sent his son, Oda Nobuo, to take over the province of Ise in 1576. The former daimyos family, the Kitabatakes, rose up, but Nobuas army crushed them. The surviving Kitabatake family members sought refuge in Iga with one of the Oda clans major foes, the Mori clan. Oda Nobuo Humiliated Nobuo decided to deal with the Mori/Kitabatake threat by seizing Iga Province. He first took Maruyama Castle early in 1579 and began to fortify it; however, the Iga officials knew exactly what he was doing, because many of their ninja had taken construction jobs at the castle. Armed with this intelligence, the Iga commanders attacked Maruyama one night and burned it to the ground. Humiliated and furious, Oda Nobuo decided to attack Iga immediately in an all-out assault. His ten to twelve thousand warriors launched a three-pronged attack over the major mountain passes in eastern Iga in September 1579. They converged on Iseji village, where the 4,000 to 5,000 Iga warriors lay in wait. As soon as Nobuos forces had entered the valley, Iga fighters attacked from the front, while other forces cut off the passes to block the Oda armys retreat. From the cover, the Iga ninja shot Nobuos warriors with firearms and bows, then closed to finish them off with swords and spears. Fog and rain descended, leaving the Oda samurai bewildered. Nobuos army disintegrated - some killed by friendly fire, some committing seppuku, and thousands falling to the Iga forces. As historian Stephen Turnbull points out, this was one of the most dramatic triumphs of unconventional warfare over traditional samurai tactics in the whole of Japanese history. Oda Nobuo escaped the slaughter but was roundly chastised by his father for the fiasco. Nobunaga noted that his son has failed to hire any ninja of his own to spy out the enemys position and strength. Get shinobi (ninja)... This one action alone will gain you a victory. Revenge of the Oda Clan On October 1, 1581, Oda Nobunaga led about 40,000 warriors in an attack on Iga province, which was defended by approximately 4,000 ninja and other Iga warriors. Nobunagas massive army attacked from the west, east, and north, in five separate columns. In what must have been a bitter pill for Iga to swallow, many of the Koga ninja came into the battle on Nobunagas side. Nobunaga had taken his own advice about recruiting ninja assistance. The Iga ninja army held a hill-top fort, surrounded by earthworks, and they defended it desperately. Faced with overwhelming numbers, however, the ninja surrendered their fort. Nobunagas troops unleashed a massacre on the residents of Iga, although some hundreds escaped. The ninja stronghold of Iga was crushed. Aftermath of the Iga Revolt In the aftermath, the Oda clan and later scholars called this series of encounters the Iga Revolt or the Iga No Run. Although the surviving ninja from Iga scattered across Japan, taking their knowledge and techniques with them, the defeat at Iga signaled the end of ninja independence. A number of the survivors made their way to the domain of Tokugawa Ieyasu, a rival of Nobunagas, who welcomed them. Little did they know that Ieyasu and his descendants would stamp out all opposition, and usher in a centuries-long era of peace that would make ninja skills obsolete. The Koga ninja did play a role in several later battles, including the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and the Siege of Osaka in 1614. The last known action that employed Koga ninja was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637-38, in which ninja spies aided the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu in putting down Christian rebels. However, the age of the democratic and independent ninja provinces ended in 1581, when Nobunaga put down the Iga Revolt. Sources Man, John. Ninja: 1,000 Years of the Shadow Warrior, New York: HarperCollins, 2013. Turnbull, Stephen. Ninja, AD 1460-1650, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003. Turnbull, Stephen. Warriors of Medieval Japan, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2011.

Psychological Disorders And Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Psychological disorder or mental disorder is a mind imbalance involving behaviors, thoughts and emotions that cause significant distress to self or other. Great distress means that the person is unable to meet their needs, is a danger to himself and others, or the person is unable to function properly. There are various categories of psychological disorders including, anxiety disorder, somatoform disorder, dissociative disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, personality disorders, cognitive disorders, eating disorders (Cave, 2002). These disorders are discussed below. Anxiety disorders. Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling of vulnerability, fear, and apprehension. Its symptoms include trembling, inability to†¦show more content†¦Post-traumatic stress disorder manifests itself through the experience of traumatic experiences, increased arousal, diminished interests in daily activities and avoiding reminders of the causes of the trauma. While an obsessive-compulsive disorder is a state of being preoccupied with a certain compulsive performance of given behaviors and individual thoughts. Somatoform disorder presents itself through the physical dysfunction symptoms with no identifiable organic cause. It comprises conversion disorder and hypochondriasis. Conversion disorder or hysteria manifests itself through physical dysfunctions such as deafness, blindness, paralysis, numbness among others. It allows escape from anxiety activities that are provoking(Cave, 2002. On the other hand, hypochondriasis symptoms include a person having a belief that he/she has a severe illness that is not proven medically. It involves interpreting a small sickness such as a headache to be a significant illness such as a brain tumor though no medical tests supports this interpretation. Dissociative disorders occur when a part of an individual s personality separates from his/her other parts. These leads to lack of consciousness, memory loss and lack of integration of identity. It comprises of dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Dissociative amnesia occurs

Evaluation of Usaid Training Programs in Jordan free essay sample

Abstract: Training is vitally important for developing the youth skills and abilities. Most countries and organizations, the world over, are keenly involved in providing training programs for the youth. However, the increasing demand on training programs and the rising cost of these programs made it obligatory for many countries to seek partnership agreements between governments and training agencies. USAID is one of the leading funding, non-profit organizations that provide financial support for training programs in many countries of the world. Jordan is one of the countries that has been receiving financial aid through USAID for several years. The current study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of the training programs in Jordan that have been funded through USAID. For more accurate results and to limit the scope of this study, focus will be on one vital project that is funded by USAID and that is targeted towards developing and upgrading the skills of Jordanian youth. This program is MAHARAT. MAHARAT is a partnership project between USAID and The Business Development Center(BDC). This study will attempt to find out the effectiveness of this program by analyzing the program outcomes in comparison with the program stated objectives. The researcher will study all the variables that might be related to the program effectiveness: analyzing the program design through finding out the balance between the training needs and the program content, studying the appropriateness of the program organization in relation to its internal design and the effective execution of the program, and analyzing the effect of the external, social factors on the overall effectiveness of the training program; these factors include the trainees age, education and the type of training program they have undergone. In order to obtain data, the researcher will develop a special questionnaire that will be refereed by two specialists in the field. Data collected will then be analyzed using SPSS. Introduction: Training is receiving utmost attention by these days by most countries. It is commonly believed that the skills and expertise acquired through training are very essential for development and productivity. This has led several countries to consider training as a major component of their Human Resource buildup. Recent changes and developments in science, technology and communication have made it even more demanding for all countries to place more attention on employee training and on increasing work effectiveness and productivity. Hence, investment in humans development is now considered an investment for the development of the country in general. It is now believed that skillful workers and employees mean more productivity, better outcome quality and less expenditure. For these reasons and more, Jordan is actively involved in creating successful, purposeful and effective training programs. One of such programs that came as a direct partnership between USAID and The Business Development Center(BDC) is called MAHARAT (Skills). This program aims at equipping fresh university graduates with the appropriate skills that enable them to fuse peacefully within the workforce or the market place. Focus through the training sessions is concentrated at communication skills, leadership abilities and other managerial techniques. It also provides trainees with actual in-field training that aims at acquainting the participants with real life experience. This research shall attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of this training program in Jordan. The Study Problem: MAHARAT is one training program that is currently receiving a great deal of attention in Jordan. It is specially designed to help university graduates acquire the proper skills needed so that the can effectively join the market place. Money, time and effort are invested in this program in abundance. However, the researcher feels that it is time some special effort is exerted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this program. Therefore, this study is undertaken as an evaluative procedure to particularly answer the following question: What degree of effectiveness does MAHARAT enjoy in the eyes of the Trainees ? The Study Objectives: The study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of MAHARAT. This major objective might be achieved through the following minor objectives: 1- Evaluating the degree of harmony between the trainees needs and the program design (content). Evaluating the degree of appropriateness between the program design and the executing procedures such as, the program consecutive cycles, the program duration, the program time allocation, the program pace and the number of trainees. 3- Evaluating the efficiency of the program deployment: the trainers skills, the instructional aids, handouts and the learning environment. 4- Finding out whether there are any statisti cal differences at the level of 0. 5 that can be related to social and demographic factors such as the trainees gender, university, and major. The Importance of the study: Training plays an essential role in developing human resources; Simultaneously, training is costly and time consuming. USAID is currently involved in funding and supporting several training and development programs in Jordan. Therefore, it seems important at this stage to undertake a research effort to evaluate the effectiveness of these training investments. The researcher shall make use of the most updated theoretical research available and shall try to use this theoretical background in building and designing a special questionnaire for this study and in analyzing the collected data. The researcher hopes that this study will shed more light on the effectiveness of the training programs in Jordan through a thorough analysis of MAHARAT as a case study. The rarity of studies in this domain gives more value and importance to the current study. It is anticipated that the study results will be of a special value to decision makers and training organizations in planning future training endeavors.

Future of the Technology of Human Resource

Human resource management refers to the manner in which an organization handles issues affecting its workforce. It involves the process of conducting selection, recruitment, training, rewarding, appraisal and separation. Currently, these processes utilize both technological and manual techniques. This is necessary because the employees are rational and have the ability to choose. As such, they have the ability to dictate what they want in an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Future of the Technology of Human Resource specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On that basis, it is difficult to enforce technology to a high degree since it is prone to diverse weaknesses. Some of the weakness could include inability to handle specific human tasks, technological failure or unpredictability of human behavior. It is essential to realize that multiple changes are being addressed to make technology suitable for the dyna mic field regardless of the presence of weaknesses (Fleetwood Hesketh, 2010). Currently, most organizations utilize technology to conduct selection and recruitment processes. This nature of technology is subjected to significant uncertainties. Most organizations incorporate the manual process of candidates meeting the human resource management personnel to prevent the weaknesses. Through this process, they can ascertain that the chosen employees are suitable for their organization. However, this process is still subject to human errors that arise from biasness and mental weakness of predicting the future. The process of conducting training and development in the course of employment is another critical element of the organization. Through this process, the organization can impart skills and knowledge to its workforce. Such an investment is vital for the organization to realize its goals and objectives. Most organizations employ apprenticeship and further education to realize their goals. When employees are equipped with the appropriate skills and knowledge for their tasks, it is also important to evaluate the rewarding criterion. In this case, organizations base their remuneration on the contributions and knowledge of the employees. This involves provision of monetary and non-monetary benefits to employees. As a result, such a system will provide morale for employees to achieve the organization’s objectives. In addition, it is essential to consider the working environment and living conditions of the employees. This enables them to work efficiently for the organization (Ulrich, 1997). In the course of the employment term, organizations conduct appraisal process to assess the performance of their employees. Through this process, they can establish the real contributions made by each employee. This will assist the organization realize optimum performance of their employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, it will assist them to make recommendations for employees that need to be promoted, sent for further training or retrenched. External parties conduct this process through the manual process. Therefore, it assists the organization to boost the morale of their employees while retaining resourceful employees (Heneman Greenberger, 2002). As employees progress in their career paths, it is vital to prepare them for separation. In this case, the employees are given skills and knowledge on how to survive once they move out of the organization. This process is critical for the organization, since employees will have to move out when they are old. As such, it requires the preparation of employees both psychologically and financially. Such a process will minimize the organization’s exposure to risk. In addition, the employees who leave the organization will always be good ambassadors. The development of technology d emands incorporation of effective human resource information systems that will boost its tasks. In this case, all elements of human resource management will be undertaken in an efficient manner that will increase its overall effectiveness. Initially, the technological facilities utilized to conduct selection and recruitment process must suit the needs of the organization. In this regard, the facilities for conducting the process will be customized to the needs of the organization. As such, organizations will be required to outline their needs from candidates intending to take part in the process. Under such a process, candidates will be subjected to tests that assess their mental capabilities and suitability to the opportunities available. This will eliminate any form of human weakness. In addition, the organization will select and recruit the candidates in an ideal process. Similarly, as time progresses, technology will facilitate organizations to identify their employees at a tend er age, which will enable them to groom and train them as per organization objectives (Losey, 2005). This organization’s activity will boost the performance of the employees selected and recruited. As a result, it will minimize the level of labor turnover leading to a high degree of labor retention. The process of training and developing employees will be another critical element of the human resource. In this case, various technologically enabled means will be adopted to impart knowledge and skills to the employees. This will lead to improvement of quality of the organization employees. In addition, employees will be able to deliver without any interruption. Working for an organization will not demand physical consolidation of the workforce in a specific location. This means that employees will work at their own convenience while getting experience and improving their skills. Consequently, employees will develop mastery of work in their areas of specialization without necess itating the organization to incur expenses in the process of further training and education.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Future of the Technology of Human Resource specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Remuneration process will also be positively influenced by technology. The remuneration system will be tailored towards the needs of the employees. This implies that both monetary and non-monetary benefits will be integrated to suit the needs of the employees. As such, employees will be rewarded based on their contributions and value to the organization. This will demand the improvement of delivery of services since most labor will be outsourced. Therefore, through utilization of the technologically enabled means of payment, employees will receive their remuneration. In addition, the environment in which employees operate in should be ideal. This will involve the provision of incentives and working conditions that promote retention of employees (Rothwell et al., 2008). Consequently, employees’ morale will be high, and their contributions to the organization will be significant. The process of appraisal will be effective with high-tech techniques. In this case, organizations will adopt technological facilities that will monitor and assess the performance of employees. This will eliminate human bias and weakness experienced previously. Since most labor will be outsourced, the employees’ contributions will determine their remuneration. In addition, a clear channel for employees to raise issues on their performance will be developed. This will reduce instances of conflicts and strikes. As a result, the activities of the organization will be re-engineered to customers’ satisfaction. In addition, the organization will identify the appropriate employees for their activities. Employees with impressive work will be promoted to improve their attitude towards the nature of their con tribution. Thus, employees will be appreciated for their efforts while gaining ideal remuneration. At the retirement stage, an ideal technological system will be used to conduct the separation process. This will involve identification of individuals that would have reached the retirement age, and preparing them for the retirement. In this regard, technological facilities will be utilized to offer them with the right skills and knowledge for their future lifetimes. This will involve preparation of individuals to live in the environments for senior people or nursing homes. Through this process, technology will be adopted to offer choices to employees. At the same time, employees will be offered ideal material benefits for working in the organization. This will consist of both monetary and non-monetary benefits (Tan, 2002). In the future, the technology adopted for conducting human resource activities will be very effective and dynamic. In this case, optimum output will be realized fro m the business operations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, there will be many technological facilities that will be incorporated in ensuring the success of transactions and partnerships. Considering this impact, the next few years will be influenced by technologies such as ASPs, voice recording, web portals, mobile web and e-signatures. Such technologies will evolve to create an overhaul of the human resource management system in the future. As a result, the standards of human resource activities in the organization will be complex and unique to their needs. For this reason, few resources will be invested in the organization’s activities while output will be high. Consequently, this will lead to high productivity of the employees caused by their satisfaction in their careers. Finally, this technological advancement will improve the standards of human resources. References Fleetwood, S., Hesketh, A. (2010). Explaining the performance of human resource management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Heneman, R. L., Greenb erger, D. B. (2002). Human resource management in virtual organizations. Greenwich, Conn.: Information Age Pub.. Losey, M. R. (2005). The future of human resource management: 64 thought leaders explore the critical HR issues of today and tomorrow. Alexandria, Va.: Society for Human Resource Management ;. Rothwell, W. J., Prescott, R. K., Taylor, M. W. (2008). Human resource transformation: demonstrating strategic leadership in the face of future trends. Mountain View, Calif.: Davies-Black Pub.. Tan, F. B. (2002). Global perspective of information technology management. Hershey, PA: IRM Press. Ulrich, D. (1997). Human resource champions: the next agenda for adding value and delivering results. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. This essay on Future of the Technology of Human Resource was written and submitted by user Kaelynn Ball to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Latitude Geography Overview

Latitude Geography Overview Latitude is the angular distance of any point on Earth measured north or south of the equator in degrees, minutes and seconds. The equator is a line going around Earth and is halfway between the North and South Poles, it is given a latitude of 0 °. Values increase north of the equator and are considered positive and values south of the equator decrease and are sometimes considered negative or have south attached to them. For example, if a latitude of 30 °N was given, this would mean that it was north of the equator. The latitude -30 ° or 30 °S is a location south of the equator. On a map, these are the lines running horizontally from east-west. Latitude lines are also sometimes called parallels because they are parallel and equidistant from each other. Each degree of latitude is about 69 miles (111 km) apart. The degree measure of latitude is the name of the angle from the equator while the parallel names the actual line along which degree points are measured. For example, 45 °N latitude is the angle of latitude between the equator and the 45th parallel (it is also halfway between the equator and the North Pole). The 45th parallel is the line along which all latitudinal values are 45 °. The line is also parallel to the 46th and 44th parallels. Like the equator, parallels are also considered circles of latitude or lines that circle the entire Earth. Since the equator divides the Earth into two equal halves and its center coincides with that of the Earth, it is the only line of latitude that is a great circle while all other parallels are small circles. Development of Latitudinal Measurements Since ancient times, people have tried to come up with reliable systems with which to measure their location on Earth. For centuries, both Greek and Chinese scientists attempted several different methods but a reliable one did not develop until the ancient Greek geographer, astronomer and mathematician, Ptolemy, created a grid system for the Earth. To do this, he divided a circle into 360 °. Each degree comprised 60 minutes (60) and each minute comprised 60 seconds (60). He then applied this method to Earths surface and located places with degrees, minutes and seconds and published the coordinates in his book Geography. Although this was the best attempt at defining the location of places on Earth at the time, the precise length of a degree of latitude was unresolved for around 17 centuries. In the middle ages, the system was finally fully developed and implemented with a degree being 69 miles (111 km) and with coordinates being written in degrees with the symbol  °. Minutes and seconds are written with , and , respectively. Measuring Latitude Today, latitude is still measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. A degree of latitude is still around 69 miles (111 km) while a minute is approximately 1.15 miles (1.85 km). A second of latitude is just over 100 feet (30 m). Paris, France for example, has a coordinate of 48 °5124N. The 48 ° indicates that it lies near the 48th parallel while the minutes and seconds indicate just how close it is to that line. The N shows that it is north of the equator. In addition to degrees, minutes and seconds, latitude can also be measured using decimal degrees. Paris location in this format looks like, 48.856 °. Both formats are correct, although degrees, minutes and seconds is the most common format for latitude. Both, however, can be converted between each other and allow people to locate places on Earth to within inches. One nautical mile, a mile type used by sailors and navigators in the shipping and aviation industries, represents one minute of latitude. Parallels of latitude are approximately 60 nautical (nm) apart. Finally, areas described as having low latitude are those with lower coordinates or are closer to the equator while those with high latitudes have high coordinates and are far. For example, the Arctic Circle, which has a high latitude is at 66 °32N. Bogota, Columbia with its latitude of 4 °3553N is at a low latitude. Important Lines of Latitude When studying latitude, there are three significant lines to remember. The first of these is the equator. The equator, located at 0 °, is the longest line of latitude on Earth at 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 km). It is significant because it is the exact center of the Earth and it divides that Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It also receives the most direct sunlight on the two equinoxes. At 23.5 °N is the Tropic of Cancer. It runs through Mexico, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India and southern China. The Tropic of Capricorn is at 23.5 °S and it runs through Chile, Southern Brazil, South Africa, and Australia. These two parallels are significant because they receive direct sun on the two solstices. In addition, the area between the two lines is the area known as the tropics. This region does not experience seasons and is normally warm and wet in its climate. Finally, the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle are also important lines of latitude. They are at 66 °32N and 66 °32S. The climates of these locations are harsh and Antarctica is the largest desert in the world. These are also the only places that experience 24-hour sunlight and 24-hour darkness in the world. Importance of Latitude Besides making it easier for one to locate different places on Earth, latitude is important to geography because it helps navigation and researchers understand the various patterns seen on Earth. High latitudes for example, have very different climates than low latitudes. In the Arctic, it is much colder and drier than in the tropics. This is a direct result of the unequal distribution of solar insolation between the equator and the rest of the Earth. Increasingly, latitude also results in extreme seasonal differences in climate because sunlight and sun angle vary at different times of the year depending on latitude. This affects temperature and the types of flora and fauna that can live in an area. Tropical rainforests, for example, are the most biodiverse places in the world while harsh conditions in the Arctic and Antarctic make it difficult for many species to survive.

Subprime Housing Loans Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Subprime Housing Loans - Case Study Example The data sources will come from six sets of data. The aim of the data is to construct a set of borrower characteristics, loan characteristics, property characteristics, lender characteristics and macroeconomic variables. The first data series is the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data from 2000 to 2007. The aim is to obtain individual loan level data (such as whether a loan is being accepted or rejected, loan amount, income, race and gender of the borrower, etc). The HMDA data is also used to derive measures of lender characteristics, the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index of the Census tract and whether the lender is a bank. The second data set is the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) list of lenders that specialize in the subprime market to code each loan as being subprime or not. The thirda data set is the U.S. Census data to derive Census tract level demographic, property and borrower characteristics. The Census data is matched to HMDA by state, county and Census tract number. The fourth data set is from a major credit bureau for tract median FICO score (MEDFICO) and debt-to-income ratio (DTI), which are widely accepted borrower risk variables used by mortgage bankers and brokers in their lending decision. The credit bureau data is also matched to HMDA data by state, county and Census tract number. ... The first data series is the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data from 2000 to 2007. The aim is to obtain individual loan level data (such as whether a loan is being accepted or rejected, loan amount, income, race and gender of the borrower, etc). The HMDA data is also used to derive measures of lender characteristics, the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index of the Census tract and whether the lender is a bank. The second data set is the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) list of lenders that specialize in the subprime market to code each loan as being subprime or not. The thirda data set is the U.S. Census data to derive Census tract level demographic, property and borrower characteristics. The Census data is matched to HMDA by state, county and Census tract number. The fourth data set is from a major credit bureau for tract median FICO score (MEDFICO) and debt-to-income ratio (DTI), which are widely accepted borrower risk variables used by mortgage bankers and brokers in their lending decision. The credit bureau data is also matched to HMDA data by state, county and Census tract number. Fifth, I match the House Price Index (HPI) data from the Office Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) to HMDA data by year and Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). This data is used to construct neighborhood house price appreciation rate, which is used to calculate the loan-to-value ratio (LTV). The sixth data set is the macroeconomic data from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco to control for macroeconomic risk.The methodology to be used is the single equation Probit regression.

This house support mandatory vaccinations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

This house support mandatory vaccinations - Essay Example This is where the government steps in with the interests of the general well being of the citizens in heart. Citation: Collier in his book ‘Vaccines’, 2004, explains that vaccines work to prime the immune system against future attacks by a particular disease. This disease could be either viral, bacterial, or any other disease causing agents. When a pathogen enters the body, the immune system generates antibodies to try to fight it off. In case of exposure to the same pathogen in the then or in the future, the antibodies will recognize it and fight it off. Interpretation: This is to mean that the individual has immunity against the disease he or she is vaccinated against. This is good since exposure to a disease common in a particular area means that he or she will not get infected therefore preventing its spread. Citation: Merino’s book ‘Should Vaccinations be Mandatory’ clearly states that the risks of natural infection outweigh those of immunization for each recommended vaccine. An example; a wild measles infection causes inflammation of the brain for 1 in every 1,000 infected persons. In general, measles infection results in the death of 2 out of every 1,000 infected persons. However, the combination of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine results in a severe allergic reaction only once in every million vaccinated persons at the same time preventing the spread and infection of measles. Evidence: With the global air travel increasing, there is an equal rise in the risk of exposure to infectious diseases abroad. Other travelers transmit and disseminate disease like in the case of polio and the dispersal of meningococcal strains by the returning pilgrims from Saudi Arabia. In the case of the Muslim Hajj, local authorities require vaccination from this disease and other forms of vaccinations like influenza and hepatitis B, for pilgrims. Citation: