Latitude Geography Overview

Latitude Geography Overview Latitude is the angular distance of any point on Earth measured north or south of the equator in degrees, minutes and seconds. The equator is a line going around Earth and is halfway between the North and South Poles, it is given a latitude of 0 °. Values increase north of the equator and are considered positive and values south of the equator decrease and are sometimes considered negative or have south attached to them. For example, if a latitude of 30 °N was given, this would mean that it was north of the equator. The latitude -30 ° or 30 °S is a location south of the equator. On a map, these are the lines running horizontally from east-west. Latitude lines are also sometimes called parallels because they are parallel and equidistant from each other. Each degree of latitude is about 69 miles (111 km) apart. The degree measure of latitude is the name of the angle from the equator while the parallel names the actual line along which degree points are measured. For example, 45 °N latitude is the angle of latitude between the equator and the 45th parallel (it is also halfway between the equator and the North Pole). The 45th parallel is the line along which all latitudinal values are 45 °. The line is also parallel to the 46th and 44th parallels. Like the equator, parallels are also considered circles of latitude or lines that circle the entire Earth. Since the equator divides the Earth into two equal halves and its center coincides with that of the Earth, it is the only line of latitude that is a great circle while all other parallels are small circles. Development of Latitudinal Measurements Since ancient times, people have tried to come up with reliable systems with which to measure their location on Earth. For centuries, both Greek and Chinese scientists attempted several different methods but a reliable one did not develop until the ancient Greek geographer, astronomer and mathematician, Ptolemy, created a grid system for the Earth. To do this, he divided a circle into 360 °. Each degree comprised 60 minutes (60) and each minute comprised 60 seconds (60). He then applied this method to Earths surface and located places with degrees, minutes and seconds and published the coordinates in his book Geography. Although this was the best attempt at defining the location of places on Earth at the time, the precise length of a degree of latitude was unresolved for around 17 centuries. In the middle ages, the system was finally fully developed and implemented with a degree being 69 miles (111 km) and with coordinates being written in degrees with the symbol  °. Minutes and seconds are written with , and , respectively. Measuring Latitude Today, latitude is still measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. A degree of latitude is still around 69 miles (111 km) while a minute is approximately 1.15 miles (1.85 km). A second of latitude is just over 100 feet (30 m). Paris, France for example, has a coordinate of 48 °5124N. The 48 ° indicates that it lies near the 48th parallel while the minutes and seconds indicate just how close it is to that line. The N shows that it is north of the equator. In addition to degrees, minutes and seconds, latitude can also be measured using decimal degrees. Paris location in this format looks like, 48.856 °. Both formats are correct, although degrees, minutes and seconds is the most common format for latitude. Both, however, can be converted between each other and allow people to locate places on Earth to within inches. One nautical mile, a mile type used by sailors and navigators in the shipping and aviation industries, represents one minute of latitude. Parallels of latitude are approximately 60 nautical (nm) apart. Finally, areas described as having low latitude are those with lower coordinates or are closer to the equator while those with high latitudes have high coordinates and are far. For example, the Arctic Circle, which has a high latitude is at 66 °32N. Bogota, Columbia with its latitude of 4 °3553N is at a low latitude. Important Lines of Latitude When studying latitude, there are three significant lines to remember. The first of these is the equator. The equator, located at 0 °, is the longest line of latitude on Earth at 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 km). It is significant because it is the exact center of the Earth and it divides that Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It also receives the most direct sunlight on the two equinoxes. At 23.5 °N is the Tropic of Cancer. It runs through Mexico, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India and southern China. The Tropic of Capricorn is at 23.5 °S and it runs through Chile, Southern Brazil, South Africa, and Australia. These two parallels are significant because they receive direct sun on the two solstices. In addition, the area between the two lines is the area known as the tropics. This region does not experience seasons and is normally warm and wet in its climate. Finally, the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle are also important lines of latitude. They are at 66 °32N and 66 °32S. The climates of these locations are harsh and Antarctica is the largest desert in the world. These are also the only places that experience 24-hour sunlight and 24-hour darkness in the world. Importance of Latitude Besides making it easier for one to locate different places on Earth, latitude is important to geography because it helps navigation and researchers understand the various patterns seen on Earth. High latitudes for example, have very different climates than low latitudes. In the Arctic, it is much colder and drier than in the tropics. This is a direct result of the unequal distribution of solar insolation between the equator and the rest of the Earth. Increasingly, latitude also results in extreme seasonal differences in climate because sunlight and sun angle vary at different times of the year depending on latitude. This affects temperature and the types of flora and fauna that can live in an area. Tropical rainforests, for example, are the most biodiverse places in the world while harsh conditions in the Arctic and Antarctic make it difficult for many species to survive.

Subprime Housing Loans Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Subprime Housing Loans - Case Study Example The data sources will come from six sets of data. The aim of the data is to construct a set of borrower characteristics, loan characteristics, property characteristics, lender characteristics and macroeconomic variables. The first data series is the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data from 2000 to 2007. The aim is to obtain individual loan level data (such as whether a loan is being accepted or rejected, loan amount, income, race and gender of the borrower, etc). The HMDA data is also used to derive measures of lender characteristics, the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index of the Census tract and whether the lender is a bank. The second data set is the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) list of lenders that specialize in the subprime market to code each loan as being subprime or not. The thirda data set is the U.S. Census data to derive Census tract level demographic, property and borrower characteristics. The Census data is matched to HMDA by state, county and Census tract number. The fourth data set is from a major credit bureau for tract median FICO score (MEDFICO) and debt-to-income ratio (DTI), which are widely accepted borrower risk variables used by mortgage bankers and brokers in their lending decision. The credit bureau data is also matched to HMDA data by state, county and Census tract number. ... The first data series is the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data from 2000 to 2007. The aim is to obtain individual loan level data (such as whether a loan is being accepted or rejected, loan amount, income, race and gender of the borrower, etc). The HMDA data is also used to derive measures of lender characteristics, the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index of the Census tract and whether the lender is a bank. The second data set is the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) list of lenders that specialize in the subprime market to code each loan as being subprime or not. The thirda data set is the U.S. Census data to derive Census tract level demographic, property and borrower characteristics. The Census data is matched to HMDA by state, county and Census tract number. The fourth data set is from a major credit bureau for tract median FICO score (MEDFICO) and debt-to-income ratio (DTI), which are widely accepted borrower risk variables used by mortgage bankers and brokers in their lending decision. The credit bureau data is also matched to HMDA data by state, county and Census tract number. Fifth, I match the House Price Index (HPI) data from the Office Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) to HMDA data by year and Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). This data is used to construct neighborhood house price appreciation rate, which is used to calculate the loan-to-value ratio (LTV). The sixth data set is the macroeconomic data from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco to control for macroeconomic risk.The methodology to be used is the single equation Probit regression.

This house support mandatory vaccinations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

This house support mandatory vaccinations - Essay Example This is where the government steps in with the interests of the general well being of the citizens in heart. Citation: Collier in his book ‘Vaccines’, 2004, explains that vaccines work to prime the immune system against future attacks by a particular disease. This disease could be either viral, bacterial, or any other disease causing agents. When a pathogen enters the body, the immune system generates antibodies to try to fight it off. In case of exposure to the same pathogen in the then or in the future, the antibodies will recognize it and fight it off. Interpretation: This is to mean that the individual has immunity against the disease he or she is vaccinated against. This is good since exposure to a disease common in a particular area means that he or she will not get infected therefore preventing its spread. Citation: Merino’s book ‘Should Vaccinations be Mandatory’ clearly states that the risks of natural infection outweigh those of immunization for each recommended vaccine. An example; a wild measles infection causes inflammation of the brain for 1 in every 1,000 infected persons. In general, measles infection results in the death of 2 out of every 1,000 infected persons. However, the combination of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine results in a severe allergic reaction only once in every million vaccinated persons at the same time preventing the spread and infection of measles. Evidence: With the global air travel increasing, there is an equal rise in the risk of exposure to infectious diseases abroad. Other travelers transmit and disseminate disease like in the case of polio and the dispersal of meningococcal strains by the returning pilgrims from Saudi Arabia. In the case of the Muslim Hajj, local authorities require vaccination from this disease and other forms of vaccinations like influenza and hepatitis B, for pilgrims. Citation:

Using Energy Drinks Essay Example for Free

Using Energy Drinks Essay Introduction In this essay I will be talking about the cons of using energy drinks. I will give examples from articles, in which energy drinks caused people to go to the hospital. I will explain how energy drinks boosts you up and brings you down. In this essay I will be talking about a few energy drinks specifically. Using Energy Drinks According to the Colorado Gazette, Redline drink and others have been linked to health complications. Like heart problems, hypertension, and others. In Colorado, a school banned these kind of drinks and recommended a 7-11 store to stop selling these. A 15 year old girl, an athlete, was drinking the REDLINE POWER RUSH energy drink, and passed violently shaking and extreme salivitation, she died. several others have been reporting going to the er for chest tightness, shortness of breath, severe heart palpitations, increased heart rate, fixed and dilated pupils and hypertension. Recent reviews of this drink conclude a contributing factor not only an OD on caffeine, but drinking energy drinks on an empty stomach can lead to the stomach absorbing the drink, thus causing symptoms of nausea, salivating, sweating, headaches, neck pain and so on. This drink is supposed to be a dieting and energy drink. Usually people who work out a lot or diet, are eating nutritiously, mind you, that may be why some people are not affected by the ingredients in the drink. Those are: -Caffeine Citrate, Caffeine Anhydrous, Evoburnâ„ ¢ (Pure Evodiamine), N-acetyl-tyrosine, Yerbe Mate, Green Tea, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, CAMP (adenosine cyclic 3? ,5? -monophosphate), Vinpocetine, Yohimbine HCL. -also the amount of caffeine in one 2 ounce bottle of this stuff is about 250 mg. that is like nearly 3x the amount recommended on a daily basis. So if you are one who drinks the energy drinks there are some warnings, so incase you are not aware of them they follow: -if you are under the age of 16 this is not recommended.- if you have any medical condition especially with the heart DO NOT DRINK THIS. if you have any type of sleeping disorder this is not for you. if you are on any type of blood thinner, bod pressure med, or anti depressants, do not drink this drink -do not take this drink with ANY other type of diet aide, this can cause a problem.. and when drinking this drink, if you have never had this please don’t drink more than 3 capfuls (. 63 fl. oz. ), dont consume more than 1/2 of the bottle, and don’t consume more than one bottle a day. Conclusion. In closing, I think using energy drinks is bad for you. Energy drinks boosts you up and when you come of that energy burst you feel drained. I am against using any form of energy drink. In Maryland, a 21 year old woman died using the energy drink four loko, an energy drink with alcohol. I wouldn’t use energy drinks, I’m one of those people who, if I know something important is coming up, I make sure I am well rested. References www. gazette. com/ www. nydailynews. com/ /2010-11-12_marylanders_want_four_loko_off_shelves_after_controversia l_cocktail_blamed_for_w. html.

Massai Warriors- National Geographic Report :: essays research papers

In the September 1999, issue of National Geographic Magazine, there is quite an interesting article that has been written by Carol Beckworth and Angela Fisher. It deals with the Masai Warriors of Kenya, and how their culture recognizes an adolescent male that is becoming a man, or entering manhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Masai warriors are a group of semi- nomadic people who live on the border of Kenya and Tanzania. They are a relatively small group, with only about 300,000 people in their culture. They hunt for their food with spears, they live in small homes made out of cow dung, and their most advanced form of technology seems to be the bark shoes that they wear on their feet. They are fairly quiet, subdued people, and they seem to ignore the changing world around them. Their customs greatly differ from the outside world, and many of them would nowadays be called very inhumane and primitive. But these ways are the only ways that they know. But, unfortunately, it may not always be that way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Masai culture finds the changing of boy to man to be a very important event in life. It is not something that will just happen on it’s own. It is not something that takes place over the course of a decade, either. It is a very spiritual ritual that occurs over a four-day period. This event is known as Eunoto. It is a very rigorous, very challenging, and almost an inhumane ceremony. Eunoto involves the slaying of a lion, the skinning of a buffalo, sexual intercourse with prepuburtal and uncircumcised young girls, the erection of a new building for each young man involved, and very often, the hysterical trance of a young man, during which he may attempt to slay himself with a spear. The young man being initiated finally ends the ritual by having his hair cut off by his mother. This very important event symbolizes the end of the maternal bond between the two. The morals of this culture seem to leave a little something to be desired, however. Marriage, for instance, doesn’t mean quite what it means here (although in some cases, they are more loyal to their spouses there than people are here). A man may be married to more than one wife there, and sex out of wedlock doesn’t appear to be frowned upon there. Many times before the Eunoto is carried out, the young men (18 – 19 years of age) sleep with 9- 11 year old girls.

My Family’s Immigration

Mountain was the name given to the united States by the people of China looking for new opportunities. The immigration story on my mother's side of the family begins with my great-grandfather's Journey to the United States in search for a better life for himself, his wife, and his four children. At this time, the majority of the population in China was living in poverty. Being able to come to America was the dream of many in the hopes they would be able to become wealthy.However, it was a rough start for my great-grandfather. The language barrier was a major obstacle and job options for foreigners were very limited; the only Job available to him was working at a Laundromat. 10 years later, my great-grandmother Joined him in the United States. Due to the difficulty of getting permission to come to the United States, and the fear of not being able to support them In the US, she was forced to leave her children behind in China: three daughters and one son.My great- grandmother was a ver y intelligent woman, and when she was finally able to contact her husband she settled in San Francisco, she was disappointed to discover him irking such a low paying Job. At her insistence, together, they decided to open a restaurant, and slowly their dreams of a new future began to emerge. My great- grandparent's worked tirelessly to keep their business running. Long hours were necessary to support not only themselves but also their children In China, who received the money they earned shipped overseas.Not wanting their kids to repeat to hard life they had, they were determined to give their children education. In this way, my grandmother was able to get college educated, which was very rare for women. In 1906, a major earthquake struck San Francisco. It sparked a series of fires that raged throughout the city for three days which left over half of San Franciscans population homeless but also destroyed office buildings that held the records and birth certificates of many Immigrants . With the loss of these records, officials asked immigrants to report their family's information.Like many other Chinese, my grandparent's slightly altered their family history. Instead to reporting they had three daughters and one son, they reported they had four sons. In the China, it was usually the men who came to the United States to work for a better living. By having extra birth certificates, my grandparent's were able to sell them to other Immigrants allowing them to come to America, which was very common at the time. Meanwhile, my grandparent's became married in China and using her college education, my grandmother became a professor.Then came the Cultural Revolution. This was an era in Chinese history where intellectuals were looked down upon and even persecuted. Since both my grandparent's were educated, when they gave birth to my mother and uncle they did want them to grow up being unfairly treated because of their Intellectual background. My grandparent's had hopes of moving to the United S Unnaturally, my great-grandparent's and already sold all to the birth certificates to other Chinese immigrants because they never intended to have their children come to America.In fact, they never planned to stay in America in the first place because they intended to move back to China after they saved up enough money. Unfortunately, my great-grandparent's never expected China to become communist country and by moving back they would be stripped of their freedom. At one point, my great-grandparent's missed their children so much that they wanted to see them, but because they were American citizens they could not set foot in China. Instead, my grandmother and my great-grandparent's decided to meet in Hong Kong.It was a huge risk for my grandmother to take because she was leaving China. During the Cultural Revolution, this was viewed as being unfaithful to Chinese government and the person could be subject to public humiliation. Red Guards Nevertheless, they we re reunited for a period of time. Knowing that there was the possibility that they would never see their daughter again after she returned to China, my great-grandparent's pleaded my grandmother to stay in Hong Kong. However, my grandmother knew by doing so she would be regarded as an anti- evolutionist, and her husband would be persecuted for her actions.Once again she was separated from her parent's. Years later, my mother knowing how much her mother wanted to be reunited with her parent's, studied hard to give her mother the chance to come to America. By succeeding academically, she was able to travel to the United States as a foreign college student at the age of 18. After graduating, she became a US citizen and filed the appropriate papers that allowed my grandmother to immigrate to the United States. At the age of 65, my grandmother's family was complete again.

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia - 899 Words

Schizophrenia What is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is defined as a psychotic disorder that strikes about one percent of the world population. It is a disease that makes it difficult for a person to think logically, to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences like hallucinations, delusions, hearing voices, and paranoia. It surfaces more frequently during a person’s late teens to early twenties, and it has the potential to destroy the lives of the people who are unfortunate enough to be its victim. Schizophrenia typically begins in early adulthood; between the ages of 15 and 25. Throughout months or years symptoms for schizophrenia develop and depending on the patient they may have many or few symptoms. The early symptoms of schizophrenia are irritable or tense feeling, trouble concentrating, and trouble sleeping. If the illness continues, the patient may have thinking, emotions, and behavior problems. The most well-known symptoms of schizophrenia are hallucination seeing and hearing things that is not really there and delusion strong held beliefs that are either not true at all or highly exaggerated. Patients have difficulty focusing, paying attention and communicating with others. There is no medical exams performed to diagnose a patient with schizophrenia but instead a psychiatrist would just have to simple interview the patient. The psychiatrists would inquire things like the patient’s genetic and family history and how their ability to function hasShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1176 Words   |  5 Pages Symptoms The symptoms of schizophrenia are wide and varied, typically falling into three main categories, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms. Each of these symptom types affect the patient in different ways, and in different degrees of severity. The symptoms may range from mildly irritating, to severe and debilitating. Positive symptoms are behaviors not normally seen in healthy people. Negative symptoms are behaviors that are usually exhibited in healthy people but areRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1671 Words   |  7 Pages Schizophrenia is defined many ways, but each definition of this disorder is correct. No two individuals will have the exact same symptoms of schizophrenia. The word schizophrenia comes from the Greek words that mean â€Å"split mind†. This disorder can lead to many other problems throughout a person’s lifetime. There are many different symptoms that can help with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but each of the sym ptoms can also be contributed to other disorders. The symptoms of schizophrenia appearRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia904 Words   |  4 Pagessigns symptoms observed. Some of the disorders are caused by different factors and reveal divergent signs and symptoms which are depended on the field of the body infected. 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Jaime was immediately put on antipsychotic medication, and after about 3 months of taking that medication, he started attending psychological treatment. He has been continuing with both procedures for about a year. Today, his medication dose has lowered and he has shown much improvement compared to when he first was diagnosed. Introduction Positive symptoms are behaviors that aren t seen in healthy people, people whoRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1049 Words   |  5 Pages The Effects of Schizophrenia Madison M. Sulak Dr. Linstrum PSYCH 2301 East Texas Baptist University Fall 2015 Pg. 1 A brain disorder can be triggered by multiple different things such as a stroke, abnormal growths, any type of viral infection, or cancer. There are countless types of brain disorders that people are diagnosed with daily. 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